Online Music Production Courses
Our 4- and 12-week online music production courses are authored and taught by industry experts and the same renowned instructors that teach at Berklee College of Music's Boston campus.
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Ableton Live Fundamentals
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn all the fundamentals of Ableton Live, covering aspects of production, composition, synthesis, sampling, effects processing, and more.
Ableton Live Techniques: Non-Linear Creative Strategies and Composition
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Take a deep dive into composing with Ableton by learning and leveraging linear and non-linear creative techniques using advanced Ableton Live tools.
Ableton Live Techniques: Sampling
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Building off of Ableton Live Fundamentals, explore common sampling concepts applicable to all samplers and techniques that are unique to Ableton Live.
Ableton Live Techniques: Synthesis and DSP
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Building off of Ableton Live Fundamentals, explore how you can use the many synthesizers and audio effects in Ableton Live to achieve sounds found in contemporary music production.
Acoustics
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Become a better recording and live sound engineer, and improve your editing and mixing environment by learning the ins and outs of acoustics.
Advanced Audio Ear Training for Mix Engineers
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Expand your production skills and critical listening by learning how to identify and implement mix strategies and a wide array of professional mix approaches.
Advanced Audio/Music Mastering: Theory and Practice
Level 6 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Learn mastering theories and techniques to deliver quality masters in a variety of genres, for various platforms including vinyl, lossy codecs, and streaming.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Advanced Mixing and Mastering with Pro Tools
Level 4
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
This advanced music production course provides you with a deep understanding of mixing and mastering tools and techniques that you can apply to a wide variety of styles.
Advanced Mixing Techniques
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Explore advanced mixing techniques such as balance, EQ, dynamics, spatial effects, automation, pitch and time correction, mixing for digital streaming services, and more.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
AI for Music and Audio
New! 4-Week Course
Level 1
Credit:
$515
In this course, we will delve into the core principles of artificial intelligence (AI) models and their diverse applications in music and audio.
Architectural, Acoustic, and Audio System Design for the Modern Music Production Studio
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
This course will help you understand, design, and implement a professional music production environment for the projects you embark on.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Arranging for Songwriters: Instrumentation and Production in Songwriting
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Create a unique sound and explore tools and techniques that will help you craft songs with the instrumentation and production to support your intended emotional meaning.
Art of Mixing
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn how to mix music in today's production environment by exploring the many creative and technical considerations you need to know.
Audio Fundamentals for Recording
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn how to properly set up, operate, and manage a recording studio, integrating both analog and digital elements.
Audio Mastering Techniques
Level 4
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Gain a thorough understanding of what is involved in creating a final master recording ready for duplication, replication, or online distribution.
Audio/Music Production for Visual Media
Level 6 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Explore the tools, techniques, workflows, and creative considerations in producing audio for film, television, and related media.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Audio Post Production for Film and TV
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Become a more marketable and in-demand producer by learning the fundamentals of audio post production for film and television: sound design, foley, dialogue, and more.
Business of Independent Music Production
Level 6
Credit:
$1,497
Non-credit:
$1,250
This course is designed to help students in recognizing revenue streams, budgets, contracts, negotiating skills, self-promotion and marketing, and remuneration for services rendered. The course will cover new technologies, revenue collection tools, and marketing methods, such as SoundExchange, online streaming, and the social media promotion and networking tools that can drive their careers.
Commercial Vocal Production
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Develop the skills necessary to create vocal-focused recordings that are contemporary and commercially viable. You will explore voice as an instrument that is naturally expressive, but can also be technologically processed.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Composing and Producing Electronic Music 1
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn to create electronic music in a variety of styles such as drum and bass, glitch, dub, trance, downtempo, house, and techno.
Composing and Producing Electronic Music 2
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Building on Composing and Producing Electronic Music 1, gain the skills to identify, appreciate, and utilize new musical styles and techniques.
Composing the Orchestral Film Score
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Explore the orchestral film score process by composing, mocking up, orchestrating, and copying a cue that a professional orchestra will record in the 10th week of this course.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Compositional Voice Development in Film Scoring
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Compositional Voice Development in Film Scoring provides you with methods and exercises for expanding your compositional voice.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Creative Digital Signal Processing (DSP) for Music and Visuals
Level 4
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Explore modern sound design techniques that give you the tools to get ahead of the game, in both audio-for-visuals projects and music production.
Creative Music Production Skills
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Gain insight into the art of music production and develop the necessary skills for producing music according to professional standards.
Creative Recording and Editing Techniques in Music Production
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Develop creative and essential recording techniques and explore the advanced audio editing necessary to achieve professional sounding recordings in any setting.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Creative Video Editing with Adobe Premiere
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
From traditional music videos and lyric videos, to VJ loops, visualizers, and short-format videos for social media, this course covers creative editing techniques to help you tell your story.
Critical Analysis of Music Production Techniques
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Learn to dissect music for its use of various production techniques, including arrangement, instrumentation, performance, mix considerations, and more.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Critical Listening 1
Level 1
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Create compelling, professional-sounding songs by learning to identify the production elements that contribute to a well-balanced, artful and professional mix.
Culminating Experience in IDMS 1
Level 6
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
The culminating experience course requires students to complete a significant culminating project based on the designated areas of concentration in the interdisciplinary music studies master’s degree and represents the highest expression of their learning at the graduate level.
Culminating Experience in Music Production 1
Level 6
Credit:
$1,497
Non-credit:
$1,250
All Master of Music in Music Production students complete a culminating experience or thesis project. This experience is meant to be exactly as named: the culmination of your work in the program, the experience through which you synthesize all you have learned.
Culminating Experience in Music Production 2
Level 6
Credit:
$1,497
Non-credit:
$1,250
This course, a continuation of Culminating Experience in Music Production 1, supports the completion of the culminating experience. You will work in consultation with your culminating experience committee to develop your unique projects, and to take them from first draft to finished form. In addition, you will prepare for your final presentation and ultimately present your work to your committee and to the online graduate community.
Designing Immersive and Interactive Experiences
Level 4
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Designing Immersive and Interactive Experiences will examine XR technologies for experiencing reality via human-computer interactions. XR technologies like virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), spatialized sound, motion capture, and artificial intelligence (AI) are rapidly reworking how we experience and consume music, dance, and theater, and also offer new prospects for creation and audience engagement in entertainment, art, education, and industry.
Digital Cinematography Fundamentals
Level 1
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn effective techniques for producing any kind of video, including a music video or short film.
Digital Storytelling
New! 4-Week Course
Level 1
Credit:
$515
In Digital Storytelling, you’ll learn to craft compelling audiovisual stories using digital tools, mastering essential skills from preproduction to postproduction, culminating in a finalized digital story that aligns with your personal or professional narrative goals.
Film Score Analysis
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Learn how film composers use an effective musical vocabulary while you expand your own overall knowledge of film, and start seeing films through the lens of a filmmaker.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Film Scoring 101
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
After a quick overview of the media industry today, students will learn the technical and aesthetic challenges in this highly competitive field. They will analyze and spot a film score and become better storytellers through various writing exercises.
Game Audio 101
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Gain a solid foundation of sound production and engineering skills that will prepare you to work at a game development company or as a freelancer.
Game Audio Production with Wwise
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn how to compose music, unique sounds, and voices for video games and explore the creative process and practical challenges of game audio production.
Game Design Principles
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn video game design by drafting ideas, prototyping, testing, and revising. This is the process that is at the heart of the video game industry.
Genre Survey for Songwriters: Analysis and Application
Level 6 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
This course explores top examples of representative songs from different popular music genres, as defined by Billboard.com, with the goal of analyzing and understanding the musical components that determine the nature of these genres, resulting in a successful songwriting process, according to music industry standards.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Getting Your Guitar Sound
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn to use your ears, hands, and the tools of the trade to play jazz, rock, blues, country, and other genres, with an authentic guitar tone.
Learn to DJ with Traktor
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn all of the ins and outs of the Traktor Pro software, and all of the different ways you can use Traktor to DJ and remix your tracks live.
Live Event Sound Engineering and Concert Mixing 201
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
This intermediate live mixing and concert production course is designed to introduce the basic concepts and techniques of live concert mixing.
Live Event Sound Engineering and Concert Production 101
Level 1
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
This course examines the craft of live audio when applied to musical performances, covering all the basics needed to run a live sound event in 100-1,000-capacity venues.
Live Sound: Mixing and Recording
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn to construct a high-quality mix for live sound and identify proper microphone technique, effects, and processing to build professional sounds and vocals.
Max Programming: Introduction to Procedural Music
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn to use Max to enhance and simplify real-time musical expression, analyze musical tendencies, and interpret gestural input to direct autonomous musical processes.
Microphone Techniques
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn to produce high-quality results with effective microphone technique, whether your sessions feature a single vocalist or large big-band jazz ensemble.
Microphone Techniques for Live Sound Production
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
This course will emphasize the differences in approach to microphone techniques, and give you the tools necessary to make informed decisions about microphones in live sound. Students will learn standard microphone selections and various microphone techniques specific to live sound applications.
Mixing and Mastering for the Electronic Musician
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn the tools and techniques involved in mixing and mastering for electronic productions, including EQ, dynamics processing, reverb, delays, and more.
Mixing and Mastering with Pro Tools
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn mixing and mastering—two key elements of music production—by learning the Berklee approach using the Pro Tools software.
Mixing the Film Score
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Explore the tools, techniques, workflows, and creative considerations specific to the creation of music for film and television.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Music and Neuroscience
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
This course explores the mechanisms that transform acoustical signals into the neural patterns that we perceive as music: melody, rhyme, rhythm, and harmony. You will learn neuroanatomy and signal processing along with the personalized experience of music and how it can relate to expertise, emotion, preferences, and creativity, all from a neuroscientific perspective.
Music Demo Production for Songwriters
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Develop your sound through song arranging techniques and by producing, recording, and mixing songs at a professional level. You will focus on creating unique instrumentation and overall sound for your original songs, harnessing the power of a Digital Audio Workstation and using professional production techniques.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Music Notation and Score Preparation using Sibelius Ultimate
Level 1
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn to use Sibelius to create lead sheets, scores, and parts, as well as how to enter and format notation so it conforms to current music publishing standards.
Music Production 101
Level 1
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
By the end of the course, you’ll be able to configure a personal production workspace and use software instruments and audio recordings to produce music.
Music Production Analysis
Level 1
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Develop the skills you need for listening and identifying elements of effective records like a seasoned producer, and then learn to use these elements in your own music.
Music Production: Maximizing Emotion through Performance, Arrangement, and Sound
Level 6 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Explore the craft of music production and the fundamental aural and philosophical considerations necessary to achieve emotionally-impactful productions.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Music Technology for Guitarists
Level 1
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn how to use a DAW and master guitar amplifier modeling and effects processing, in addition to several other digital technologies applicable to recording and live performance.
Music Video Editing with Final Cut Pro
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn all the steps and tools necessary to create a high-quality audiovisual experience and maximize the use of video, audio, and graphic content on Final Cut Pro.
Music Video Production
Level 1
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
In this course you’ll acquire the skills to produce high-quality music videos that tell the story of a song in a visually compelling way.
Music Writing and Production with the iPad
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Explore the iPad hardware and operating system then learn how to select and set up a mobile studio with the correct MIDI and audio interfaces.
Orchestral Mockups in Film Scoring
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Learn how to emulate live orchestral performances and recordings in the most musical and expressive way, using industry-standard tools and techniques.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Orchestrating the Film Score with Live Sessions
Level 6
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
The focus of this course will be on orchestration within the context of recording a film score. There will be two recording sessions that are intended to be mixed with prerecorded samples and/or purely electronic elements. The sessions will be conducted remotely. The students will be responsible for mixing their cue to completion.
Orchestration 1
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn to write and apply traditional orchestration techniques to both sampled performances and live orchestral performances.
Orchestration 2: Writing Techniques for Full Orchestra
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn advanced orchestration strategies and approaches to writing for full orchestra, including both a live orchestra and sampled MIDI mockups.
Performing with Ableton Live
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Whether you’re a music producer, DJ, singer/songwriter, or electronic musician, learning Ableton Live can lead to real-time, dynamic live performances.
Piano and Keyboard Techniques for Session Musicians
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
The role of keyboards in recorded music is vast and diverse; from acoustic piano ballad playing to synthesis, sound design and beat making in modern pop music. This course will focus on the role of “piano-based” keyboards in various styles of music through the lens of recording and technology.
Pop Music Mixing Techniques
Level 4
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
This forward-looking course delves into the techniques employed by top music mixers, equipping you to meet the mixing requirements of today’s competitive music marketplace and beyond.
Producing Music with Cubase
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Gain a broad skill set and a fully realized background in music production using the state-of-the-art Cubase software.
Producing Music with FL Studio
Level 1
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
An introduction to producing music with FL Studio. This course will show you the ins and outs of MIDI sequencing, audio recording, sound design, mixing, mastering, and basic video production using FL Studio.
Producing Music with Logic
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Strengthen your technical understanding of the Logic music software and heighten your overall creative abilities in production.
Producing Music with Reason
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Gain a firm understanding of the functionalities and capabilities of Reason software and explore techniques used by today’s top producers.
Producing Songwriting Demos with Logic
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn how to produce demos and recordings that capture your songwriting abilities and show off the potential of your compositions.
Producing Songwriting Demos with Pro Tools
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Jump into the world of producing, recording, and mixing songs to a professional level using Pro Tools.
Professional Film Scoring Skills 1: Collaboration and Communication
Level 5
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
In this course students work with student filmmakers to gain experience collaborating directly with a client and managing a working relationship. Business skills for film composers are also covered.
Professional Film Scoring Skills 2: Building Your Career
Level 6
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
The goal of this course is to give students the tools to integrate the components needed to have a sustainable career in the film scoring field. This course will allow students to learn about and practice combining their creative skills with practical, business, social, ethical, and industry skills.
Programming and Producing Drum Beats
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn to compose and produce polished, professional-sounding drum beats in a variety of different styles.
Pro Tools 101
Level 1
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
The first stage of Avid’s Pro Tools certification program, you’ll learn the foundational skills needed to understand Pro Tools technology and software, including recording, editing, and mixing on a basic level.
Pro Tools 110
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
In this second stage of Avid’s Pro Tools certification program, you’ll learn a broad range of tools and production techniques that will help you tackle more complex Pro Tools projects and enhance your capabilities.
Psychoacoustics in Music Production
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Learn how speech and music signals are transformed from physical activity in the environment, to sensations in the ear, to psychological perceptions.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Remixing
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn the technical skills not only to produce professional sounding remixes but to also hear a song’s possibilities beyond its original arrangement and style.
Sampling and Audio Production
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Explore the art of sampling and audio production, and learn Berklee’s approach to recording, editing, and programming using the samplers provided in Reason.
Songwriting Sync Success: The Art and Craft of Licensing, Film/TV, Advertising, and Production Music
Level 6 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Songwriting Sync Success is a comprehensive look at the many enigmatic ways in which a professional songwriter can make a living beyond just “writing hits.” It draws directly from the author’s personal real-world experience to demystify these intriguing (and often lucrative) arenas of the industry.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Sound Design for the Electronic Musician
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn to create your own unique electronic sounds and musical productions using Reason and Vital.
Stylistic Adaptations in Film Scoring
Level 6 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Learn how to research and make appropriate choices for films that require music from a culture other than your own.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Sylvia Massy: Creative Approaches to Recording and Producing Music
Level 4
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
A hands-on course on pushing the boundaries on adventurous audio engineering and music production, from Sylvia Massy, Chris Johnson, Chrissy Tignor, and Loudon Stearns.
Synthesis, Sampling, and Sound Design in Film Scoring: Electronic and Textural Resources
Level 6 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
Work with raw and electronic sound using software synthesizers and samplers to develop your own unique sounds and create dramatic musical soundscapes for films.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Topline and Vocal Production
Level 6 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
This course is devoted to the exploration of the topline—a melody with lyrics conceived to go along with an existing track. To complement the development of the topline, we will also do a deep dive into vocal production techniques, offering you a set of tools to achieve successful songwriting results.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
Vocal Production
Level 3
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
Learn the technical aspects of producing and engineering vocals and the personal, artistic aspects of working with a vocalist to achieve the best performance.
Vocal Production Techniques for Singers
Level 4
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
This course explores the production aspects that affect the career and development of vocalists, exposing them to tools and techniques that will serve them well in their professional life. Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) skills and collaboration processes are at the core of the course.
Writer, Engineer, Producer in the Home Studio
Level 2
Credit:
$1,545
Non-credit:
$1,290
This course emphasizes the different roles we take on when creating and producing music. Focusing on new technology and new approaches to music production, engineering, and writing, you will transform a song from an idea to something you can be proud to have as part of your portfolio, from a songwriting standpoint as well as a music production standpoint. At the start of the course you will generate the kernel of a new song, which you will develop and produce throughout the course to achieve a final sound recording that is a commercially viable piece of music.
Writing and Analyzing Hit Songs
Level 5 (Proof of a Bachelor's Degree Required)
Credit:
$2,817
Non-credit:
$2,615
All creative works contain structure that make the success of the project more likely. In this course, you will learn to analyze specified current and recent hit songs to determine that structural basis, and apply what you’ve discovered in individual songwriting assignments.
Proof of a bachelor's degree is required to enroll in non-degree, graduate-level courses.
